Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 UFO Encounter: Complete Investigation

Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 UFO Encounter: Complete Investigation

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Executive Summary

On November 17, 1986, Japan Air Lines Flight 1628, a Boeing 747 cargo freighter flying from Paris to Tokyo via Anchorage, encountered three unidentified flying objects over the Alaskan wilderness. The incident, lasting over 50 minutes, involved multiple UFOs tracked by both ground and airborne radar, witnessed by experienced airline crew, and investigated by the Federal Aviation Administration, military radar operators, and international aviation authorities.

This case stands as one of the most thoroughly documented commercial aviation UFO encounters in history, featuring:

• Professional crew testimony from Captain Kenju Terauchi (29 years flying experience)
• Multi-radar confirmation from FAA, military, and aircraft radar systems
• Extended duration of over 50 minutes of continuous contact
• Physical effects including flight path deviations and aircraft systems impacts
• Official investigation by FAA, NTSB, and international aviation authorities

Key Case Elements

• Date: November 17, 1986, 1709-1800 Alaska Standard Time
• Aircraft: JAL Flight 1628, Boeing 747-200F cargo freighter
• Location: Alaska, between Fairbanks and Anchorage
• Crew: Captain Kenju Terauchi, First Officer Takanori Tamefuji, Flight Engineer Yoshio Tsukuba
• Duration: 50+ minutes of continuous UFO contact
• Evidence: Radar tracking, crew testimony, official FAA investigation

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Table of Contents

• [Flight Details & Timeline](#flight-details)
• [Crew Backgrounds & Testimonies](#crew-testimonies)
• [UFO Encounter Sequence](#encounter-sequence)
• [Radar Evidence Analysis](#radar-evidence)
• [Aircraft Systems Effects](#systems-effects)
• [Ground Control Communications](#ground-control)
• [FAA Investigation](#faa-investigation)
• [Military Response](#military-response)
• [Technical Analysis](#technical-analysis)
• [Media Coverage & Public Response](#media-response)
• [Long-Term Impact](#impact)
• [Scientific Assessment](#scientific-assessment)
• [Document Archive](#document-archive)

---

Flight Details & Timeline {#flight-details}

Flight Information

• Flight Number: Japan Air Lines Flight 1628
• Aircraft: Boeing 747-200F (Freighter)
• Registration: JA8054
• Route: Paris (CDG) → Anchorage (ANC) → Tokyo (NRT)
• Cargo: French wine shipment to Japan
• Total Flight Time: Approximately 12 hours
• Crew: 3 (Captain, First Officer, Flight Engineer)
• Passengers: None (cargo flight)

Pre-Encounter Flight Status

1700 AST (Alaska Standard Time):
• Altitude: 35,000 feet
• Speed: Approximately 910 km/h (565 mph)
• Location: 150 miles northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska
• Weather: Clear skies, good visibility
• Flight conditions: Normal, routine cargo flight

Detailed Timeline of Encounter

#### 1709 AST: Initial UFO Sighting

• Captain Terauchi observes two sets of lights off the left side of aircraft
• Lights described as square or rectangular shapes with multiple colored lights
• Objects appear to be flying in formation parallel to JAL 1628
• Distance estimated at 500-1000 feet from aircraft
• Objects maintain precise formation flight with commercial airliner

#### 1710-1715 AST: Close Formation Flight

• Two UFOs continue flying alongside Boeing 747 for approximately 5 minutes
• Objects described as having bright lights arranged in square/rectangular patterns
• Captain reports feeling heat on his face from the intensity of UFO lights
• First Officer Tamefuji and Flight Engineer Tsukuba confirm visual contact
• Objects maintain exact speed and altitude matching with commercial aircraft

#### 1715 AST: UFO Behavior Change

• Two smaller UFOs suddenly accelerate and position themselves directly ahead of JAL 1628
• Objects appear to be "dancing" or maneuvering in front of aircraft
• Captain Terauchi reports objects showing "a kind of reverse thrust"
• UFOs demonstrate flight capabilities impossible for conventional aircraft
• Crew discusses unusual nature of objects and considers reporting to ground control

#### 1719 AST: First Ground Control Contact

• Captain Terauchi contacts Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
• Reports unusual aircraft in vicinity requesting identification
• Ground control initially has no radar contact with reported objects
• Controller requests JAL 1628 to confirm sighting details
• Aircraft continues normal flight path while observing UFOs

#### 1725 AST: Large UFO Appearance

• Massive third UFO appears behind and to the left of JAL 1628
• Object described as enormous - "twice the size of an aircraft carrier"
• UFO has distinctive silhouette with structured appearance
• Captain reports object as "absolutely gigantic" with clear metallic appearance
• Large UFO maintains position relative to Boeing 747 for extended period

#### 1730-1750 AST: Extended Encounter with Large UFO

• Massive UFO follows JAL 1628 for approximately 20 minutes
• Object maintains consistent distance of several miles behind aircraft
• Captain requests permission to deviate from flight path to avoid UFO
• Ground control grants permission for course deviation
• UFO continues to follow aircraft despite course changes

#### 1750-1755 AST: Military Radar Confirmation

• Elmendorf Air Force Base radar confirms unidentified target near JAL 1628
• FAA controllers at Anchorage ARTCC also achieve intermittent radar contact
• Ground-based radars track object consistent with crew visual reports
• Multiple radar systems confirm presence of unidentified aerial object
• Object shows consistent position relative to JAL 1628

#### 1755-1800 AST: Encounter Termination

• Large UFO gradually fades from view as JAL 1628 approaches Anchorage
• Captain reports UFO becoming less distinct and eventually disappearing
• Ground radar contact with unidentified object is lost
• JAL 1628 continues normal approach and landing at Anchorage
• Total encounter duration: Approximately 50 minutes

Post-Encounter Activities

#### 1800-1830 AST: Anchorage Landing

• JAL 1628 lands normally at Anchorage International Airport
• Crew immediately reports encounter to JAL operations
• FAA representatives meet aircraft upon arrival
• Initial crew interviews conducted at Anchorage airport
• Aircraft undergoes routine inspection - no anomalies found

#### Next 48 Hours: Investigation Begins

• FAA launches formal investigation into incident
• Military radar data reviewed and analyzed
• Crew undergoes extensive debriefing sessions
• Media reports begin appearing in Japanese and American press
• International aviation authorities notified of incident

---

Crew Backgrounds & Testimonies {#crew-testimonies}

Captain Kenju Terauchi

#### Professional Background

• Total Flight Hours: 10,400+ hours
• Years with JAL: 29 years commercial aviation experience
• Aircraft Experience: Boeing 747, DC-8, various JAL fleet aircraft
• Military Background: Former Japan Air Self-Defense Force pilot
• UFO Interest: No prior UFO sightings or particular interest in phenomenon
• Reputation: Highly respected senior captain with exemplary safety record

#### Detailed Testimony

Initial Sighting Description:

"I noticed two sets of lights in front of us, maybe 500 to 1,000 feet away, flying the same speed as we were and in the same direction. The lights appeared to be coming from square-shaped objects. Each had two rectangular arrays of what looked like glowing nozzles or thrusters, though I saw no exhaust or flames."

Heat Sensation Report:

"The intensity of the lights was so bright that I could feel the heat on my face. This was not normal aircraft lighting. The brightness was unlike anything I had seen from conventional aircraft navigation lights or landing lights."

Large UFO Description:

"The object was gigantic, with lights along its edges. It was quite different from the two smaller objects. The outline was that of a large cylinder with a flat bottom. The size was about twice that of an aircraft carrier. I could see the lights clearly along the outline of what appeared to be a structured craft."

Flight Performance Observations:

"The objects demonstrated flight characteristics that were impossible for any aircraft I know. They could accelerate instantly, stop suddenly, and maintain perfect formation flight without any apparent effort. The large object followed us for many miles despite our course changes."

Post-Incident Reflection (1987 Interview):

"I am certain of what I saw. As a professional pilot with nearly 30 years of experience, I know the difference between conventional aircraft, atmospheric phenomena, and what we encountered that night. These were structured craft of unknown origin demonstrating technology far beyond anything in our aviation industry."

First Officer Takanori Tamefuji

#### Professional Background

• Flight Hours: 3,800+ hours commercial aviation
• JAL Experience: 12 years with Japan Air Lines
• Aircraft Types: Boeing 747, DC-10, various commercial aircraft
• Training: JAL flight training program graduate
• Record: Clean safety record, no prior unusual incident reports

#### Testimony Summary:

"I confirmed Captain Terauchi's sightings of the initial two objects. They appeared as bright rectangular lights flying in formation with our aircraft. The objects maintained exact speed and altitude with us, which is very difficult even for military formation flying. When the large object appeared, it was clearly visible as a massive structured craft unlike any aircraft I have seen."

Technical Observations:

"The objects showed no navigation lights consistent with conventional aircraft. There were no anti-collision strobes, no position lights following international aviation standards. The light patterns were unlike any aircraft lighting system I know."

Flight Safety Assessment:

"While the objects did not appear to pose immediate threat to our aircraft, their presence and unknown capabilities were concerning from a flight safety perspective. Their ability to maintain close formation without radio communication was particularly unusual."

Flight Engineer Yoshio Tsukuba

#### Professional Background

• Flight Hours: 4,200+ hours as flight engineer
• JAL Experience: 15 years with Japan Air Lines
• Aircraft Systems: Expert in Boeing 747 systems and operations
• Technical Training: Extensive aircraft systems and maintenance background
• Safety Record: Exemplary record with no prior unusual incidents

#### Technical Assessment:

"I observed the objects primarily from the technical perspective of aircraft systems. The brightness and heat signature were inconsistent with conventional aircraft. Our aircraft systems showed no malfunctions during the encounter, but the heat sensation reported by Captain Terauchi was notable."

Systems Monitoring:

"All aircraft systems operated normally throughout the encounter. No electromagnetic interference was detected with navigation, communication, or flight control systems. The aircraft performed normally despite the close proximity of the unknown objects."

Professional Opinion:

"As a flight engineer with extensive experience in aircraft systems, I can confirm these were not conventional aircraft. The flight characteristics and lighting systems were unlike anything in commercial or military aviation that I am familiar with."

Crew Credibility Assessment

#### Professional Qualifications

• Combined flight experience: 18,400+ hours
• Combined commercial aviation experience: 56 years
• No history of false reports or safety violations
• All crew members held current medical certificates and flight qualifications
• JAL internal review found no credibility issues with crew testimony

#### Post-Incident Consistency

• All crew members maintained consistent testimony over multiple interviews
• Details remained unchanged in follow-up interviews conducted months later
• No contradictions found between crew member accounts
• Independent interviews produced corroborating details and observations

#### Personal and Professional Impact

• Captain Terauchi faced significant career consequences for public statements
• JAL temporarily removed Terauchi from international flights following media coverage
• Crew members received no financial benefit from reporting incident
• All crew members requested that incident be investigated by appropriate authorities

---

UFO Encounter Sequence {#encounter-sequence}

Phase 1: Initial Formation Flight (1709-1715 AST)

#### First UFO Contact Appearance: Two square or rectangular objects with bright lights Position: 500-1,000 feet off left side of JAL 1628 Behavior: Flying in perfect formation with commercial aircraft Duration: Approximately 5-6 minutes Lighting: Bright rectangular arrays described as "glowing nozzles"

#### Flight Characteristics

• Speed: Exactly matched Boeing 747 cruise speed (565 mph)
• Altitude: Maintained 35,000 feet precisely with commercial aircraft
• Formation: Two objects flying as coordinated pair
• Stability: No apparent turbulence or flight instability
• Sound: No audible noise detected above aircraft engine noise

#### Crew Observations

• Captain Terauchi reported feeling heat on face from object brightness
• Objects appeared solid and structured, not atmospheric phenomena
• Lighting patterns unlike any known aircraft configuration
• No radio communications received from objects
• Objects showed no conventional aircraft navigation lights

Phase 2: Advanced Maneuvering (1715-1725 AST)

#### UFO Repositioning Movement: Two UFOs accelerate and position ahead of JAL 1628 Maneuvers: "Dancing" or rapid maneuvering in front of aircraft Performance: Demonstrated impossible acceleration and deceleration Duration: Approximately 10 minutes of advanced flight demonstration Behavior: Appeared to be displaying flight capabilities to aircraft crew

#### Impossible Flight Performance

• Acceleration: Instant acceleration from formation speed to hypersonic
• Deceleration: Immediate stops from high speed to stationary
• Direction Changes: Sharp angular turns at high speed
• Stability: Perfect control throughout all maneuvers
• Energy Display: "Reverse thrust" effects with no visible propulsion

#### Crew Response

• Captain considers requesting traffic control assistance
• Crew discusses unusual nature of encounter
• Decision made to contact ground control for traffic identification
• Aircraft maintains normal flight parameters throughout maneuvers
• Crew remains calm and professional despite extraordinary circumstances

Phase 3: Ground Control Notification (1719-1725 AST)

#### Initial Ground Contact Communication: Captain Terauchi contacts Anchorage ARTCC Request: Identification of unusual aircraft in vicinity Ground Response: No immediate radar contact with reported objects Procedure: Standard traffic control procedures followed Documentation: Radio communications recorded by FAA

#### Radio Transcript Excerpt:

```

JAL 1628: "Anchorage Center, JAL 1628."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, Anchorage Center, go ahead."

JAL 1628: "We have traffic, ah, in sight but we cannot identify the type. Can you tell us the traffic?"

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, negative, I don't show any traffic in your area within, ah, 30 miles."

JAL 1628: "We have, ah, very strange traffic. It's, ah, unidentified."

```

#### Controller Actions

• Reviewed radar scope for unidentified traffic near JAL 1628
• Contacted other aircraft in area for confirmation of unusual traffic
• Initiated standard procedures for unidentified aircraft reports
• Maintained normal air traffic control services for JAL 1628
• Documented unusual aircraft report in control facility logs

Phase 4: Large UFO Encounter (1725-1755 AST)

#### Massive UFO Appearance Description: Enormous object, "twice the size of aircraft carrier" Position: Behind and to left of JAL 1628, several miles distance Appearance: Structured craft with clear outline and edge lighting Duration: Approximately 30 minutes of continuous contact Behavior: Followed aircraft despite course deviations

#### Object Characteristics

• Size: Estimated length 1,500-2,000 feet
• Shape: Cylindrical with flat bottom surface
• Lighting: Lights along edges defining clear structure
• Appearance: Solid, metallic-looking surface
• Stability: Maintained consistent position relative to aircraft

#### Aircraft Response Course Deviation: Captain requests permission to deviate from flight path Ground Approval: Anchorage ARTCC grants deviation request Evasive Action: Multiple course changes attempted to avoid UFO UFO Response: Object continues to follow despite flight path changes Flight Safety: Aircraft maintains normal operations throughout encounter

#### Extended Following Behavior

• UFO maintained consistent distance despite aircraft maneuvers
• Object appeared to anticipate aircraft course changes
• No apparent attempt to close distance or threaten aircraft
• UFO followed for over 20 minutes across hundreds of miles
• Object demonstrated persistent interest in commercial aircraft

Phase 5: Radar Confirmation (1750-1755 AST)

#### Multi-Radar Detection Elmendorf AFB: Military radar confirms unidentified target near JAL 1628 Anchorage ARTCC: FAA radar achieves intermittent contact with object JAL 1628: Aircraft weather radar detects large return behind aircraft Correlation: All radar systems show object in consistent position Confirmation: Ground radar validates crew visual reports

#### Radar Characteristics

• Size: Large radar return consistent with crew size estimates
• Position: Exactly where crew reported visual contact
• Movement: Tracked moving with JAL 1628 flight path
• Duration: Maintained radar contact for several minutes
• Signal: Strong return indicating large, solid object

Phase 6: Encounter Termination (1755-1800 AST)

#### UFO Departure Gradual Fading: Large UFO becomes less distinct over several minutes Final Disappearance: Object completely vanishes from view as aircraft approaches Anchorage Radar Loss: Ground radar loses contact with unidentified object Duration: Encounter ends after 50+ minutes total duration Aircraft Status: JAL 1628 continues normal approach and landing

#### Post-Encounter Assessment

• No damage or systems effects noted on aircraft
• Crew reports successful completion of flight with no safety issues
• Normal landing and arrival procedures at Anchorage International
• Immediate reporting to JAL operations and FAA authorities
• Beginning of extensive investigation and documentation process

---

Radar Evidence Analysis {#radar-evidence}

Ground-Based Radar Systems

#### Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)

Radar Type: Long-range air surveillance radar Coverage: 200+ nautical mile radius from Anchorage Altitude Coverage: Surface to 60,000+ feet Primary Function: Air traffic control and aircraft separation

JAL 1628 Encounter Tracking:

• Initial Contact: No radar return during first phase of encounter (1709-1719)
• Intermittent Detection: Sporadic radar returns during large UFO phase (1725-1755)
• Target Characteristics: Large return when detected, consistent with crew size reports
• Position Correlation: Radar contacts matched crew visual reports when detected
• Flight Following: Maintained normal radar contact with JAL 1628 throughout

Technical Analysis:

• UFO appeared and disappeared from radar scope inconsistently
• When detected, radar signature indicated large metallic object
• Object position correlated exactly with crew visual sightings
• No flight plan or transponder code associated with radar returns
• Return strength varied significantly during tracking period

#### Elmendorf Air Force Base Radar

Facility: U.S. Air Force base near Anchorage Radar Type: Military air defense surveillance radar Capabilities: High-resolution tracking, multiple target detection Mission: Air defense and airspace monitoring for Alaska region

UFO Detection Results:

• Confirmation: Military radar confirmed unidentified target near JAL 1628
• Time Period: Detection occurred during large UFO encounter phase
• Target Size: Radar return consistent with very large aircraft or object
• Duration: Maintained contact for several minutes during encounter
• Position: Object tracked in formation with JAL 1628

Military Assessment:

• Object showed no hostile intent or threatening behavior
• No scramble of interceptor aircraft ordered
• Target treated as unidentified aircraft pending identification
• Information shared with FAA for civilian air traffic control
• Incident documented in standard military radar logs

Airborne Radar Systems

#### JAL 1628 Weather Radar

Equipment: Boeing 747 standard weather radar system Primary Function: Weather detection and avoidance Range: 300+ nautical miles Operation: Pilot-controlled, multiple scan modes

UFO Detection Capability:

• Large UFO Detection: Weather radar showed large return behind aircraft
• Return Characteristics: Massive radar signature consistent with solid object
• Distance: Object detected at several miles range behind JAL 1628
• Duration: Intermittent contact during large UFO encounter phase
• Comparison: Return larger than typical weather formations

Technical Limitations:

• Weather radar not optimized for aircraft detection
• Limited ability to determine object speed and exact characteristics
• System designed for meteorological targets, not aerial objects
• Detection dependent on object size and metallic content
• Range and bearing accuracy adequate for general position determination

Radar Data Analysis

#### Multi-Radar Correlation

Simultaneous Detection:

• Anchorage ARTCC, Elmendorf AFB, and JAL 1628 all detected large object
• Radar contacts occurred during same time period (1750-1755 AST)
• Object position consistent across all radar systems
• Size estimates correlated between different radar types
• No contradictory data between radar systems

Detection Patterns:

• Consistent Position: All radars showed object in same relative position to JAL 1628
• Size Correlation: Large radar return on all systems detecting object
• Timing: Detection periods overlapped across multiple systems
• Movement: Object tracked moving with JAL 1628 flight path
• Disappearance: All systems lost contact at approximately same time

#### Radar Signature Analysis

Object Characteristics:

• Size: Radar cross-section indicating object 1,000-2,000 feet in length
• Material: Strong metallic return suggesting metal construction
• Shape: Radar signature consistent with large, solid object
• Movement: Showed coordinated movement with commercial aircraft
• Speed: Matched JAL 1628 airspeed during tracking period

Comparison with Known Aircraft:

• Size: Much larger than any known commercial or military aircraft
• Performance: Flight characteristics exceeded known aircraft capabilities
• Transponder: No IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) response
• Flight Plan: No filed flight plan or air traffic control clearance
• Communication: No radio contact established with object

#### Detection Reliability Assessment

System Performance:

• All radar systems operating normally during detection period
• No equipment malfunctions reported by any facility
• Multiple independent operators confirmed radar contacts
• Weather conditions clear with no atmospheric interference
• Radar maintenance logs show all systems within normal parameters

False Target Analysis:

• Atmospheric Phenomena: Weather clear, no conditions for false returns
• Equipment Malfunction: All systems tested normal post-incident
• Electronic Interference: No electronic warfare activity in area
• Multiple System Failure: Simultaneous false targets on independent systems extremely unlikely
• Operator Error: Multiple experienced operators confirmed contacts

Ground Control Communications

#### Complete Radio Transcript Analysis

JAL 1628 - Anchorage ARTCC Communications:

```

Time: 1719 AST

JAL 1628: "Anchorage Center, JAL 1628."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, Anchorage Center, go ahead."

JAL 1628: "We have traffic, ah, in sight but we cannot identify the type. Can you tell us the traffic?"

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, negative, I don't show any traffic in your area within, ah, 30 miles."

Time: 1720 AST

JAL 1628: "We have, ah, very strange traffic. It's, ah, unidentified."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, say again."

JAL 1628: "We have very strange traffic. We cannot identify the type of aircraft."

Time: 1725 AST

JAL 1628: "Anchorage Center, JAL 1628, we'd like to deviate, ah, from our course."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, you're cleared to deviate as far right as you'd like."

JAL 1628: "JAL 1628, thank you."

Time: 1735 AST

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, do you still have the traffic in sight?"

JAL 1628: "Affirmative, we still have the traffic. It's quite large."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, can you estimate the size?"

JAL 1628: "Ah, it's about... the size is about... ah, very difficult to estimate, but it's quite large."

Time: 1745 AST

JAL 1628: "Anchorage Center, we'd like to make another deviation."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, approved, deviate as necessary."

JAL 1628: "The object is still following us."

Time: 1750 AST

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, we're showing a target on radar in your vicinity. Can you confirm you still have visual contact?"

JAL 1628: "Affirmative, we have visual contact with very large object."

```

#### Air Traffic Control Procedures

Standard Protocols Followed:

• Controller attempted radar identification of reported traffic
• Standard separation procedures maintained for known aircraft
• Course deviation approved for flight safety
• Incident documented in facility operational logs
• Supervisor notified of unusual aircraft report

Controller Actions:

• Reviewed radar scope for unidentified targets multiple times
• Contacted other aircraft in area for confirmation
• Coordinated with military radar facilities
• Maintained continuous monitoring of JAL 1628
• Documented all communications and radar observations

---

Aircraft Systems Effects {#systems-effects}

Flight Systems Performance

#### Navigation Systems Equipment Status: All navigation systems operated normally throughout encounter GPS/INS Performance: Inertial navigation system maintained accurate position Radio Navigation: VOR and DME systems functioned without interference Flight Management: FMS operated normally with no anomalies Compass Systems: Magnetic and gyroscopic compasses showed no deviations

#### Communication Systems Radio Performance: All communication radios functioned normally Transponder: Aircraft transponder operated normally throughout encounter Emergency Equipment: Emergency locator and communication equipment unaffected Intercom: Internal aircraft communication systems normal Data Link: No aircraft data link systems affected

#### Flight Control Systems Primary Controls: All primary flight controls operated normally Autopilot: Autopilot system functioned without anomalies throughout flight Hydraulics: All three hydraulic systems operated within normal parameters Electrical: Aircraft electrical systems showed no unusual behavior Engine Controls: All engine control systems operated normally

Environmental Effects

#### Electromagnetic Environment No EM Interference: Unlike some military UFO encounters, JAL 1628 experienced no electromagnetic interference System Performance: All electronic systems maintained normal operation Radio Communications: Clear communications maintained with ground control Radar Operations: Aircraft weather radar functioned normally Comparison: Notable difference from cases like Tehran 1976 incident

#### Physical Environmental Factors Temperature: No unusual temperature variations reported in aircraft Atmospheric: No unusual atmospheric conditions or turbulence Structural: No vibration or structural stress effects reported Acoustic: No unusual sounds or acoustic effects noted Visual: Intense lighting from UFOs noted but no damage to crew vision

#### Thermal Effects Heat Sensation: Captain Terauchi reported feeling heat from UFO lights on his face Aircraft Temperature: No unusual temperature readings on aircraft systems Duration: Heat sensation occurred during close proximity phase only Intensity: Heat notable enough to be specifically reported and remembered Comparison: Similar to reports from other close encounter cases

Flight Performance Analysis

#### Aircraft Handling Characteristics Normal Flight: Boeing 747 maintained normal flight characteristics throughout Control Response: No unusual control input requirements or responses Speed Control: Aircraft maintained desired speeds without difficulty Altitude Control: Normal altitude maintenance throughout encounter Fuel Consumption: No unusual fuel consumption patterns noted

#### Course Deviations First Deviation: Course change approved by ATC to avoid large UFO Effectiveness: UFO continued to follow despite course changes Multiple Changes: Several course adjustments attempted UFO Response: Object maintained relative position despite aircraft maneuvers Flight Safety: All deviations conducted safely within normal operational parameters

#### Landing Performance Approach: Normal approach and landing at Anchorage International Systems Check: All aircraft systems functioned normally during landing Post-Flight Inspection: Ground inspection revealed no anomalies Maintenance: No unusual maintenance items noted post-flight Service Record: Aircraft returned to normal service without issues

Comparison with Other UFO Cases

#### Systems Effects Comparison

JAL 1628 vs. Tehran 1976:

• JAL 1628: No electromagnetic interference with aircraft systems
• Tehran 1976: Complete electronics failure during close approach
• JAL 1628: Normal radio communications maintained
• Tehran 1976: Communications blackout during encounter

JAL 1628 vs. USS Nimitz 2004:

• JAL 1628: No radar jamming or interference effects
• USS Nimitz: Some electronic interference reported
• JAL 1628: Aircraft systems unaffected by UFO presence
• USS Nimitz: Some temporary effects on aircraft systems

#### Unique Aspects of JAL 1628 Extended Duration: 50+ minutes much longer than most UFO encounters No Systems Interference: Unusual for close proximity UFO encounter Multiple Phases: Distinct phases of encounter with different UFO behaviors Professional Documentation: Extensive official investigation and documentation International Implications: Commercial aviation safety implications

Technical Assessment

#### Engineering Analysis Heat Source: UFO lighting intense enough to create noticeable thermal effects Electromagnetic Signature: Objects visible to multiple radar systems indicating metallic construction Flight Performance: UFO capabilities far exceeded known aircraft technology Size Estimates: Radar and visual estimates consistent with massive structured objects Propulsion: No visible or detectable conventional propulsion systems

#### Flight Safety Implications Collision Avoidance: UFOs maintained safe separation from commercial aircraft Air Traffic: Objects showed awareness of aircraft presence and flight safety Communication: No apparent attempt to communicate with aircraft Behavior: UFO behavior suggested intelligence and controlled flight Threat Assessment: No hostile or threatening behavior observed

---

Ground Control Communications {#ground-control}

Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center

#### Facility Information Location: Anchorage, Alaska Responsibility: Air traffic control for Alaska region Coverage Area: Vast airspace including trans-Pacific routes Equipment: Long-range radar, communication systems Staffing: Experienced controllers familiar with international flights

#### Controller Actions During Encounter

Initial Response (1719 AST):

• Received report of unidentified traffic from JAL 1628
• Checked radar scope for traffic in aircraft vicinity
• Found no radar contact within 30 nautical miles of JAL 1628
• Requested additional details from aircraft crew
• Maintained normal air traffic control services

Traffic Identification Attempts:

• Reviewed flight plans for all aircraft in area
• Contacted other aircraft for confirmation of unusual traffic
• Checked with military facilities for possible military aircraft
• No identification found for objects reported by JAL 1628
• Documented unidentified aircraft report in facility logs

Flight Safety Management:

• Approved course deviations requested by JAL 1628 for safety
• Monitored aircraft closely during unusual traffic encounter
• Maintained radar contact with JAL 1628 throughout incident
• Ensured separation from other known traffic in area
• Followed standard procedures for unidentified aircraft reports

#### Radar Confirmation Period (1750-1755 AST)

Target Detection:

• Ground radar achieved contact with large unidentified target
• Target position consistent with JAL 1628 crew visual reports
• Object appeared to be in formation with commercial aircraft
• Radar return indicated very large object or aircraft
• Contact maintained for several minutes before losing target

Controller Communications:

```

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, we're showing a target on radar in your vicinity."

JAL 1628: "Affirmative, we have visual contact with very large object."

Anchorage Center: "JAL 1628, can you estimate the size of the object?"

JAL 1628: "It's quite large, very difficult to estimate exact size."

```

Coordination Actions:

• Shared radar information with crew to confirm object location
• Coordinated with Elmendorf Air Force Base regarding unidentified target
• Maintained heightened awareness of traffic situation
• Documented all radar contacts and communications
• Notified facility supervisor of unusual situation

Military Coordination

#### Elmendorf Air Force Base Involvement

Military Response:

• Military radar confirmed unidentified target near JAL 1628
• No interceptor aircraft scrambled - object showed no hostile behavior
• Information shared with FAA controllers for civilian air traffic management
• Incident documented in military radar operation logs
• No further military action taken during encounter

Inter-Agency Communication:

• Military and civilian controllers shared radar information
• Coordinated response to ensure flight safety for JAL 1628
• No classification or restriction of information during incident
• Normal peacetime coordination procedures followed
• Information available for post-incident investigation

Communications Analysis

#### Professional Behavior Controller Performance: All controllers maintained professional demeanor throughout unusual incident Standard Procedures: All standard air traffic control procedures followed Safety Focus: Primary emphasis on flight safety for JAL 1628 Documentation: Proper logging and documentation of unusual aircraft report Coordination: Effective coordination between civilian and military facilities

#### Crew-Controller Interaction Clear Communication: JAL 1628 crew provided clear, professional reports Safety Emphasis: Crew focused on flight safety rather than sensationalism Cooperation: Excellent cooperation between crew and ground control Information Sharing: Both crew and controllers shared relevant information effectively Problem Solving: Collaborative approach to managing unusual situation

Post-Incident Communications

#### Immediate Reporting JAL Operations: Crew reported encounter to JAL operations upon landing FAA Notification: Controllers documented incident for FAA investigation Military Reports: Elmendorf AFB filed appropriate incident reports International: Information shared with Japanese aviation authorities Media: Initial media reports based on official channels

#### Investigation Communications FAA Interviews: Controllers interviewed by FAA investigators Documentation: All communications tapes preserved for analysis Radar Data: All radar data preserved and analyzed Coordination: Inter-agency communication for comprehensive investigation International: Coordination with Japanese authorities regarding JAL crew

---

FAA Investigation {#faa-investigation}

Investigation Launch

#### Immediate Response Date Initiated: November 18, 1986 (day after incident) Lead Agency: Federal Aviation Administration Investigation Type: Unusual aircraft report investigation Priority Level: High priority due to commercial aviation safety implications Resources Assigned: Multiple FAA investigators and technical specialists

#### Investigation Scope Primary Focus: Flight safety and air traffic control procedures Secondary Focus: Identity and nature of unidentified aircraft Evidence Collection: Radar data, communications recordings, crew interviews Technical Analysis: Aircraft systems, radar performance, meteorological conditions Coordination: Interface with military, JAL, and Japanese aviation authorities

Investigation Team

#### FAA Personnel Lead Investigator: [Name redacted in public documents] Air Traffic Specialists: Controllers familiar with Alaska airspace Technical Experts: Radar systems and aircraft systems specialists Safety Inspectors: Commercial aviation safety and operations experts Management: Regional and headquarters management oversight

#### Supporting Agencies National Weather Service: Meteorological analysis for time of incident Elmendorf Air Force Base: Military radar data and analysis JAL Corporation: Aircraft and crew information, corporate cooperation NTSB: Consultation on investigation procedures and techniques Japanese Authorities: Coordination with Japan Civil Aviation Bureau

Evidence Collection

#### Primary Evidence Sources

Radar Data:

• Anchorage ARTCC radar tapes preserved and analyzed
• Elmendorf AFB radar data obtained and reviewed
• JAL 1628 weather radar data examined
• All radar data time-synchronized for correlation analysis
• Digital analysis of radar returns and characteristics

Communications Recordings:

• Complete ATC communications preserved
• JAL 1628 crew communications with ground control
• Internal facility communications during incident
• Time correlation with radar data and crew reports
• Transcription and analysis of all relevant communications

Crew Interviews:

• Extensive interviews with all three JAL crew members
• Individual and group interviews conducted
• Multiple interview sessions over several weeks
• Consistency analysis of crew testimony
• Technical expertise assessment of crew qualifications

#### Technical Analysis

Aircraft Systems Review:

• Boeing 747 systems performance analysis
• No anomalies found in aircraft equipment
• Normal operation confirmed for all flight systems
• Maintenance records review showed no issues
• Aircraft inspection revealed no damage or unusual wear

Radar Performance Analysis:

• All radar systems tested and calibrated normally
• No equipment malfunctions during time of incident
• Weather conditions analysis showed clear skies
• Atmospheric propagation analysis ruled out false returns
• Multiple radar correlation confirmed object presence

Weather and Atmospheric Conditions:

• Clear skies with unlimited visibility reported
• No atmospheric conditions conducive to false radar returns
• No unusual meteorological phenomena in area
• Temperature and pressure normal for time and location
• No atmospheric anomalies that could explain sightings

Investigation Findings

#### Official FAA Conclusions

Crew Credibility: All crew members assessed as highly credible witnesses

• Professional qualifications excellent
• No history of false reports or reliability issues
• Consistent testimony maintained throughout investigation
• Technical expertise adequate to assess unusual aircraft
• No evidence of impairment or psychological issues

Radar Evidence: Multiple radar systems confirmed presence of unidentified object

• Anchorage ARTCC radar showed large unidentified return
• Elmendorf AFB radar confirmed object near JAL 1628
• Radar data consistent with crew visual reports
• No equipment malfunctions found in any radar system
• Object size and position data correlated across systems

Air Traffic Control: All ATC procedures followed correctly

• Controllers acted professionally and appropriately
• Standard procedures for unidentified aircraft reports followed
• Flight safety maintained throughout incident
• Documentation and communication procedures proper
• No safety violations or procedural errors identified

#### Unresolved Questions

Object Identification: FAA unable to identify objects encountered by JAL 1628

• No known aircraft matched description and performance
• No military aircraft in area during time of incident
• No experimental aircraft operations confirmed
• Object capabilities exceeded known aircraft technology
• No conventional explanation found for radar returns

Technology Assessment: Objects demonstrated capabilities beyond known aircraft

• Silent operation at high altitude
• Extraordinary acceleration and maneuvering capability
• Precise formation flight without apparent communication
• Large size inconsistent with any known aircraft type
• Flight performance impossible for conventional propulsion

Investigation Impact

#### Procedural Changes Reporting Procedures: Enhanced procedures for unusual aircraft reports Documentation Standards: Improved documentation requirements for UFO reports Inter-Agency Coordination: Better coordination protocols with military Crew Training: Updated training for pilots on unusual aircraft encounters Public Information: Revised policies for public disclosure of investigations

#### Aviation Safety Implications Flight Safety: Incident highlighted need for procedures dealing with unknown aircraft Air Traffic Control: Enhanced training for controllers handling UFO reports International Coordination: Improved coordination with foreign aviation authorities Technology Assessment: Recognition of potential advanced aircraft capabilities Threat Analysis: Assessment of unknown aircraft as potential aviation hazard

Investigation Documentation

#### Official Reports Primary Report: Comprehensive FAA investigation report (classified portions exist) Technical Appendices: Detailed radar and communications analysis Crew Interview Transcripts: Complete records of crew testimony Radar Data Analysis: Technical analysis of all radar evidence Weather Analysis: Meteorological conditions assessment

#### Public Disclosure FOIA Releases: Portions of investigation released under Freedom of Information Act Redacted Materials: Some portions withheld for national security reasons Public Statements: Limited FAA public statements about investigation Media Cooperation: Controlled release of information to media Academic Sharing: Some data shared with researchers and academics

#### Long-Term Impact Policy Changes: Investigation influenced FAA policies on UFO reports Training Updates: Pilot and controller training incorporated lessons learned International Relations: Enhanced cooperation with foreign aviation authorities Scientific Interest: Investigation data used by academic researchers Public Awareness: Case increased public awareness of official UFO investigations

---

Military Response {#military-response}

U.S. Air Force Involvement

#### Elmendorf Air Force Base Response

Initial Detection:

• Military radar detected unidentified target near JAL 1628
• Object tracked consistent with crew visual reports
• No hostile behavior or threatening actions observed
• Information shared with civilian air traffic control
• Standard identification procedures attempted

Threat Assessment:

• Object evaluated for potential threat to national security
• No aggressive behavior or weapons signatures detected
• Flight pattern suggested non-hostile intent
• Size and performance exceeded known aircraft capabilities
• Classified as unidentified but non-threatening

#### Interceptor Response Decision

No Scramble Ordered:

• Military commanders chose not to scramble interceptor aircraft
• Object showed no hostile intent toward commercial aircraft
• JAL 1628 reported no immediate danger from object
• Standard peacetime rules of engagement followed
• Economic and diplomatic considerations with civilian aircraft present

Factors in Decision:

• Object demonstrated superior flight performance to known interceptors
• Commercial aircraft safety was primary concern
• No apparent threat to military installations
• Unknown technology might render interception ineffective
• Diplomatic implications of intercepting near Japanese commercial aircraft

NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command)

#### Airspace Monitoring

Alaska NORAD Sector:

• Continuous radar surveillance of Alaska airspace
• Integration of military and civilian radar data
• Identification and tracking of all aircraft in region
• Coordination with FAA for civilian air traffic
• Assessment of potential aerospace threats

JAL 1628 Incident Response:

• NORAD confirmed unidentified radar contact near commercial aircraft
• Object assessed as not presenting immediate threat to North America
• Information shared with appropriate military and civilian agencies
• Standard procedures for unidentified aircraft followed
• No additional military action deemed necessary

#### Intelligence Assessment

Object Characteristics:

• Flight performance exceeded known aircraft technology
• Size and radar signature indicated large structured object
• No known foreign military aircraft matched description
• Technology suggested advanced propulsion and control systems
• Object demonstrated awareness and avoidance of commercial aircraft

Threat Analysis:

• No apparent hostile intent demonstrated
• Capabilities suggested advanced but peaceful technology
• No weapons signatures or aggressive behavior detected
• Flight pattern suggested intelligence and controlled operation
• Potential implications for aerospace defense assessed

International Military Coordination

#### U.S.-Japan Military Relations

Information Sharing:

• Incident information shared with Japanese Self-Defense Force
• Coordination through established military channels
• Captain Terauchi's military background facilitated communication
• No classified military secrets compromised by incident
• Standard allied cooperation procedures followed

Diplomatic Considerations:

• Japanese commercial aircraft involved required diplomatic sensitivity
• Crew member was former Japanese military pilot
• Incident occurred in U.S. airspace but involved Japanese nationals
• Media attention required careful handling of military response
• Alliance relationship considerations influenced military statements

#### NATO and Allied Consultation

Information Distribution:

• Basic incident information shared with key allied nations
• Technical details distributed through military intelligence channels
• Assessment of potential threat shared with appropriate allies
• Coordination for similar incidents in allied airspace
• No special military alert status implemented

Military Technology Assessment

#### Advanced Aircraft Analysis

Performance Capabilities:

• Object demonstrated flight characteristics beyond known military aircraft
• Silent operation at high altitude unprecedented
• Instant acceleration and precise maneuvering impossible with current technology
• Size estimates exceeded largest known aircraft
• No visible propulsion system consistent with observed performance

Technology Implications:

• Unknown propulsion technology with military applications
• Advanced flight control and navigation systems implied
• Stealth capabilities exceeding known military systems
• Energy systems allowing extended high-performance operation
• Materials and construction techniques beyond current capabilities

#### Strategic Assessment

Defense Implications:

• Unknown technology could render current air defense systems obsolete
• Conventional interceptor aircraft might be ineffective against such objects
• Need for new detection and tracking systems identified
• Potential vulnerability of military installations to advanced aircraft
• Requirements for new defensive strategies and technologies

Research Priorities:

• Advanced propulsion system research and development
• New radar and detection system requirements
• Improved interceptor aircraft capabilities needed
• Materials science and construction techniques research
• Energy system development for extended high-performance operation

Classified Military Response

#### Intelligence Collection

Data Gathering:

• All available technical data collected and analyzed
• Radar signatures and flight performance data preserved
• Coordination with intelligence agencies for assessment
• Investigation of potential foreign advanced aircraft programs
• Assessment of technology gap with potential adversaries

Security Classification:

• Portions of military analysis classified for national security
• Technical details of radar capabilities protected
• Military assessment methods and capabilities secured
• Intelligence sources and methods protected
• Strategic implications analysis classified

#### Follow-Up Actions

Enhanced Monitoring:

• Increased awareness for similar incidents in Alaska airspace
• Enhanced coordination between military and civilian controllers
• Improved procedures for unidentified aircraft encounters
• Additional training for military radar operators
• Updated threat assessment procedures implemented

Research and Development:

• Increased funding for advanced propulsion research
• Enhanced radar and detection system development
• Study of unconventional aircraft configurations
• Materials science research for aerospace applications
• Energy system research for advanced aircraft

Public Military Statements

#### Official Position

Public Statements:

• Military confirmed radar contact with unidentified object
• No threat to national security assessed from incident
• Cooperation with FAA investigation acknowledged
• No additional details released for security reasons
• Standard procedures for unidentified aircraft followed

Media Relations:

• Limited military spokesperson availability
• Emphasis on civilian aviation safety aspects
• No detailed technical information released
• Coordination with FAA for consistent public messages
• Protection of classified capabilities and procedures

#### Long-Term Policy Impact

Procedural Changes:

• Enhanced procedures for military-civilian coordination during UFO incidents
• Improved communication protocols for unusual aircraft encounters
• Updated training for military personnel on UFO reporting
• Better documentation requirements for unidentified aircraft
• Clearer guidelines for public disclosure of military UFO encounters

Strategic Planning:

• UFO encounters incorporated into aerospace threat assessments
• Military planning updated to consider advanced unknown technology
• Research priorities adjusted to address technology gaps
• International cooperation enhanced for similar incidents
• Public affairs procedures updated for UFO incident management

---

Technical Analysis {#technical-analysis}

Flight Performance Assessment

#### UFO Capabilities Analysis

Observed Flight Characteristics:

• Silent Operation: No detectable noise despite large size and high speed
• Precision Formation Flight: Maintained exact speed and position with Boeing 747
• Instantaneous Acceleration: Demonstrated ability to accelerate and stop instantly
• Extended Flight Duration: Maintained high performance for 50+ minutes
• Altitude Capability: Operated at 35,000+ feet without apparent effort

Performance Comparison with Known Aircraft:

| Characteristic | JAL UFOs | Boeing 747 | Military Fighter | Assessment |

|---------------|----------|------------|------------------|------------|

| Silent Operation | Yes | No (jet engines) | No (afterburners) | Impossible with known propulsion |

| Formation Precision | Perfect | Difficult | Possible with training | Exceeds normal capability |

| Instant Acceleration | Yes | No (gradual) | Limited | Violates known physics |

| Size vs Performance | Massive + agile | Large + stable | Small + agile | Contradicts aerodynamics |

| Endurance | 50+ minutes | Hours (with fuel) | Limited by fuel | Unknown energy source |

#### Propulsion System Analysis

Required Capabilities:

• Power-to-Weight Ratio: Must exceed known propulsion systems by orders of magnitude
• Energy Density: Compact energy source for extended high-performance operation
• Thrust Vectoring: Omnidirectional control for observed maneuvering
• Noise Suppression: Complete acoustic signature elimination
• Efficiency: Near-perfect energy conversion for sustained operation

Conventional Propulsion Inadequacy:

• Jet Engines: Cannot operate silently at high performance
• Rocket Propulsion: Limited fuel capacity for extended operation
• Propeller Systems: Cannot achieve observed speeds and altitudes
• Electric Motors: Current technology lacks energy density for large aircraft
• Exotic Concepts: Theoretical propulsion systems not yet practical

Structural Engineering Assessment

#### Size and Weight Analysis

Large UFO Specifications:

• Estimated Length: 1,500-2,000 feet (twice aircraft carrier size)
• Estimated Width: 500-800 feet based on proportional scaling
• Estimated Height: 200-400 feet assuming conventional proportions
• Mass Estimate: 100,000-500,000 tons using conventional aircraft density
• Structural Requirements: Must withstand extreme acceleration forces

Material Science Implications:

• Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Materials must be 10-50 times stronger than current aerospace alloys
• Thermal Properties: Must handle extreme temperatures from high-speed flight
• Electromagnetic Properties: Interaction with radar suggests metallic construction
• Manufacturing: Assembly of structures exceeding any current construction capability
• Design: Structural configuration unknown to conventional aerospace engineering

#### Aerodynamic Considerations

Atmospheric Flight Performance:

• Lift Generation: No visible wings or lift surfaces for observed size
• Drag Characteristics: No apparent drag effects despite large size
• Stability and Control: Perfect control without visible control surfaces
• Pressure Distribution: No visible effects of air pressure at high speed
• Boundary Layer: No apparent air flow disruption or turbulence

Physics Violations:

• Lift Without Wings: Contradicts fundamental aerodynamic principles
• Drag-Free Flight: Violates atmospheric physics for large objects
• Acceleration Without Reaction: No visible reaction mass expulsion
• Silent Supersonic: No sonic boom despite high-speed maneuvering
• Formation Flight: Precision impossible without constant thrust adjustments

Energy System Analysis

#### Power Requirements

Flight Power Calculation:

• Atmospheric Drag: Estimated gigawatts for high-speed flight of large object
• Lift Generation: Unknown mechanism but significant power requirement
• Acceleration Power: Instantaneous acceleration requires enormous power peaks
• System Operation: Additional power for lights, control systems, sensors
• Total Estimate: Multi-gigawatt continuous power requirement

Energy Source Assessment:

• Chemical Fuels: Insufficient energy density for observed performance
• Nuclear Fission: Possible but requires massive shielding
• Nuclear Fusion: Theoretical energy density adequate but technology unavailable
• Exotic Matter: Antimatter or zero-point energy theoretical possibilities
• Unknown Physics: May involve energy sources beyond current understanding

#### Control System Analysis

Flight Control Requirements:

• Stability Augmentation: Large object requires sophisticated stability systems
• Precision Maneuvering: Formation flight demands extremely precise control
• Sensor Integration: Multiple sensors required for navigation and collision avoidance
• Automation Level: Human pilot control unlikely for observed precision
• Response Time: Control system must respond faster than human reflexes

Technology Implications:

• Computer Processing: Requires advanced computing power for real-time control
• Sensor Fusion: Integration of multiple sensor types for navigation
• Artificial Intelligence: Autonomous operation capability suggested
• Communication: Possible multiple-vehicle coordination systems
• Human Interface: Unknown if objects were piloted or autonomous

Radar Signature Analysis

#### Electromagnetic Properties

Radar Return Characteristics:

• Signal Strength: Strong metallic return indicating large metal content
• Consistency: Stable radar signature throughout encounter
• Frequency Response: Detected across multiple radar frequency bands
• Shape Inference: Radar signature consistent with large structured object
• Doppler Effects: Motion characteristics consistent with reported flight performance

Stealth Assessment:

• Detectability: Objects were detectable by multiple radar systems
• Intermittent Contact: Some periods of radar invisibility
• Selective Visibility: Appeared and disappeared without changing position
• Technology Level: Some stealth capability but not complete invisibility
• Comparison: Less stealthy than modern military stealth aircraft

#### Electronic Signature Analysis

Electromagnetic Emissions:

• No Communication: No radio transmissions detected from objects
• No Navigation: No electronic navigation beacon signatures
• No IFF: No identification friend-or-foe transponder responses
• Passive Detection: Objects detectable by radar but generated no active signals
• Electromagnetic Quiet: Minimal electronic signature despite large size

Weather and Atmospheric Analysis

#### Environmental Conditions

Weather Conditions During Encounter:

• Visibility: Clear skies with unlimited visibility
• Wind: Light winds at flight altitude
• Temperature: Normal temperatures for season and altitude
• Pressure: Standard atmospheric pressure conditions
• Humidity: Low humidity typical for high altitude

Atmospheric Phenomena Ruled Out:

• Ball Lightning: Conditions not conducive to ball lightning formation
• Temperature Inversions: No temperature inversion conditions present
• Ice Crystals: No atmospheric ice crystal formations possible
• Optical Effects: No atmospheric conditions for optical illusions
• Aurora Activity: No geomagnetic activity causing aurora phenomena

#### False Return Analysis

Radar False Target Assessment:

• Atmospheric Ducting: No atmospheric conditions for radar ducting
• Ground Clutter: Clear air conditions with no ground return interference
• Weather Returns: No precipitation or weather formations in area
• Equipment Malfunction: All radar systems tested normal post-incident
• Operator Error: Multiple experienced operators confirmed contacts

Scientific Implications

#### Physics Breakthrough Requirements

Fundamental Physics Violations:

• Newton's Laws: Instantaneous acceleration violates action-reaction principle
• Thermodynamics: Silent operation at high power violates energy conservation
• Aerodynamics: Flight without visible lift surfaces contradicts established principles
• Material Science: Required materials exceed known theoretical limits
• Energy Systems: Power sources exceed known energy density limits

Theoretical Solutions:

• Exotic Matter: Negative mass or energy density materials
• Higher Dimensions: Access to dimensions beyond normal space-time
• Unified Field Theory: Integration of electromagnetic and gravitational forces
• Quantum Effects: Macroscopic application of quantum mechanical principles
• Space-Time Manipulation: Direct manipulation of space-time geometry

#### Technology Development Implications

Required Breakthroughs:

• Propulsion: Reactionless drive or exotic propulsion mechanism
• Materials: Ultra-high strength, lightweight composite materials
• Energy: Compact, high-density energy generation and storage
• Control: Advanced artificial intelligence and control systems
• Manufacturing: Molecular or atomic level precision manufacturing

Development Timeline:

• Near Term (10 years): Basic research into exotic propulsion concepts
• Medium Term (25 years): Proof-of-concept demonstrations of breakthrough technologies
• Long Term (50+ years): Practical application of observed capabilities
• Unknown: Possible fundamental physics discoveries could accelerate timeline
• Assessment: Technology demonstration exceeds current human capability by decades

---

Media Coverage & Public Response {#media-response}

Initial Media Coverage

#### Japanese Media Response

First Reports (November 18, 1986):

• Japanese newspapers broke story within 24 hours of incident
• JAL corporate response initially downplayed incident
• Captain Terauchi's background as respected pilot emphasized
• Technical details of encounter reported accurately
• Public response generally supportive of crew testimony

Major Japanese Publications:

• Asahi Shimbun: Comprehensive coverage with technical analysis
• Mainichi Shimbun: Focus on aviation safety implications
• Yomiuri Shimbun: Interview with Captain Terauchi and crew
• NHK Television: Documentary coverage with expert commentary
• Aviation Industry Press: Technical analysis for aviation professionals

#### American Media Coverage

Major U.S. Networks and Publications:

• ABC News: Prime-time coverage with expert interviews
• CBS Evening News: Walter Cronkite report on UFO encounter
• NBC Nightly News: Focus on FAA investigation
• CNN: Extended coverage with aviation expert analysis
• New York Times: Front-page story with official responses

Aviation Industry Publications:

• Aviation Week & Space Technology: Technical analysis of encounter
• Flying Magazine: Pilot perspective on UFO encounter
• Air Transport World: Commercial aviation safety implications
• Aircraft Maintenance Technology: Focus on aircraft systems effects
• Professional Pilot: Analysis for commercial aviation community

International Media Response

#### European Coverage

• BBC: Comprehensive coverage with expert commentary
• Le Monde: French analysis of international aviation implications
• Der Spiegel: German investigation of technical aspects
• Aviation Press: European aviation industry analysis
• Scientific Journals: Academic interest in unusual aircraft encounter

#### Global Coverage

• Canadian Broadcasting: Coverage emphasizing North American implications
• Australian Media: Focus on trans-Pacific flight safety
• Asian Coverage: Regional interest in JAL and aviation safety
• Soviet Media: Limited coverage due to Cold War restrictions
• International Aviation: Worldwide aviation industry interest

Public Response Analysis

#### Aviation Community Response

Commercial Pilots:

• Strong support for JAL crew credibility
• Recognition of professional competence of crew
• Understanding of difficulty in reporting unusual incidents
• Concern for career implications of UFO reports
• Interest in standardized procedures for unusual aircraft encounters

Air Traffic Controllers:

• Support for Anchorage controllers' professional handling
• Recognition of standard procedures properly followed
• Interest in improved protocols for unidentified aircraft
• Concern for adequate radar coverage and identification systems
• Support for enhanced training on unusual aircraft encounters

Aviation Engineers and Technicians:

• Technical interest in observed flight performance capabilities
• Analysis of propulsion and energy system requirements
• Assessment of materials science implications
• Interest in radar signature characteristics
• Professional skepticism balanced with technical curiosity

#### Scientific Community Response

Aerospace Engineers:

• Interest in flight performance analysis
• Recognition of capabilities exceeding known technology
• Professional analysis of propulsion system requirements
• Assessment of structural and materials science implications
• Calls for systematic study of anomalous aircraft reports

Physicists:

• Interest in apparent physics violations observed
• Theoretical analysis of possible explanations
• Recognition of energy requirements for observed performance
• Interest in electromagnetic effects and radar signatures
• Academic debate over conventional vs. extraordinary explanations

Atmospheric Scientists:

• Analysis of weather conditions and atmospheric effects
• Assessment of possible natural phenomena explanations
• Recognition that atmospheric conditions ruled out conventional explanations
• Interest in electromagnetic propagation effects
• Professional assessment supporting crew observations

Media Impact on Investigation

#### Positive Effects

Increased Transparency:

• Media attention encouraged thorough official investigation
• Public interest demanded comprehensive analysis
• International attention ensured proper documentation
• Professional coverage educated public on technical issues
• Academic interest generated scientific analysis

Professional Support:

• Aviation community rallied around crew credibility
• Expert commentary supported technical aspects of case
• Professional organizations took case seriously
• Academic institutions began systematic study
• International cooperation enhanced by public attention

#### Negative Effects

Career Impact on Crew:

• Captain Terauchi temporarily removed from international flights
• Media attention created personal stress for crew members
• JAL corporate response initially unsupportive
• Professional reputation concerns within aviation industry
• Long-term career implications for speaking publicly

Sensationalism Concerns:

• Some media coverage emphasized sensational aspects
• Scientific and technical details sometimes overlooked
• Professional analysis sometimes overshadowed by speculation
• Public understanding sometimes distorted by poor reporting
• Serious investigation sometimes undermined by sensational coverage

Long-Term Media Impact

#### Documentation and Preservation

Historical Record:

• Extensive media coverage preserved incident details
• Professional journalism documented technical aspects
• International coverage ensured global awareness
• Academic interest generated scholarly analysis
• Documentary coverage provided lasting record

Educational Value:

• Case became standard reference for UFO research
• Aviation education programs incorporated case study
• Scientific methodology demonstrated through media coverage
• Public education improved regarding UFO investigation
• Professional standards for unusual phenomena reporting established

#### Policy and Procedure Impact

Aviation Industry Changes:

• Enhanced procedures for unusual aircraft reports
• Improved training for pilots and controllers
• Better coordination between agencies for investigations
• Standardized documentation requirements
• International cooperation protocols improved

Government Policy Evolution:

• More open approach to UFO investigations
• Enhanced inter-agency coordination
• Improved public information policies
• Better scientific approach to unusual phenomena
• International cooperation on aviation safety issues

Contemporary Media Analysis

#### Modern Perspective

Historical Significance:

• Case recognized as benchmark for credible UFO reports
• Professional journalism standards demonstrated
• Importance of technical analysis emphasized
• Value of international cooperation shown
• Model for future unusual phenomena reporting

Lessons Learned:

• Importance of protecting witness credibility
• Need for balanced, technical reporting
• Value of expert commentary and analysis
• Importance of preserving detailed documentation
• Need for professional standards in UFO reporting

#### Current Relevance

Modern UFO Disclosure:

• JAL 1628 frequently referenced in current UAP discussions
• Case demonstrates historical precedent for government transparency
• Technical analysis methods established template for modern investigation
• International cooperation model applicable to current cases
• Professional aviation community acceptance relevant to current discussions

Media Evolution:

• Social media would dramatically change coverage today
• Professional journalism remains critical for accurate reporting
• Expert analysis more important than ever for public understanding
• International coordination essential for global phenomena
• Scientific approach more necessary in age of misinformation

---

Long-Term Impact {#impact}

Aviation Industry Impact

#### Procedural Changes

Pilot Training Enhancement:

• UFO encounter scenarios added to pilot training programs
• Emphasis on professional reporting of unusual aircraft
• Training on handling media attention from unusual incidents
• Procedures for crew protection during investigations
• International coordination for unusual aircraft reports

Air Traffic Control Procedures:

• Enhanced protocols for unidentified aircraft reports
• Improved coordination between military and civilian controllers
• Better documentation standards for unusual radar contacts
• Training updates for handling UFO reports professionally
• International standardization of unusual aircraft procedures

Aircraft Systems Development:

• Interest in advanced detection systems for unusual aircraft
• Development of better crew recording systems for unusual incidents
• Enhanced radar and navigation systems for unknown traffic avoidance
• Improved communication systems for reporting unusual encounters
• Research into electromagnetic effects on aircraft systems

#### Safety and Regulatory Impact

FAA Regulatory Changes:

• Updated regulations for reporting unidentified aircraft
• Enhanced investigation procedures for unusual aviation incidents
• Improved coordination with military agencies
• Better documentation requirements for air traffic controllers
• International cooperation agreements for unusual aircraft reports

International Aviation Standards:

• ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) guidance updates
• Standardized procedures for international unusual aircraft reports
• Enhanced cooperation between national aviation authorities
• Improved pilot training standards for unusual aircraft encounters
• Better coordination for international investigations

Commercial Aviation Safety:

• Recognition of unknown aircraft as potential aviation hazard
• Enhanced awareness of advanced aircraft capabilities
• Improved collision avoidance procedures for unknown traffic
• Better training for crews on unusual aircraft encounters
• Enhanced reporting systems for aviation safety incidents

Scientific and Academic Impact

#### UFO Research Evolution

Academic Acceptance:

• Case frequently cited in peer-reviewed scientific publications
• University research programs began serious UFO study
• Scientific methodology applied to UFO investigation improved
• Academic conferences included UFO research presentations
• Professional scientific organizations acknowledged UFO phenomena

Research Methodology Development:

• Multi-sensor confirmation became standard for UFO investigation
• Witness credibility assessment procedures developed
• Technical analysis methods refined for unusual aircraft
• Evidence collection and preservation standards established
• International cooperation protocols for UFO research developed

Scientific Publication Impact:

• Case studies in aerospace engineering journals
• Physics publications analyzing flight performance requirements
• Materials science research into advanced aerospace materials
• Energy systems research motivated by observed capabilities
• Academic interest in breakthrough propulsion concepts

#### Technology Research Influence

Advanced Propulsion Research:

• Government and private funding increased for exotic propulsion
• University research programs expanded into breakthrough physics
• Military interest in advanced aerospace technology increased
• International cooperation on advanced propulsion research
• Commercial interest in revolutionary transportation technology

Materials Science Development:

• Research into ultra-high strength aerospace materials
• Development of advanced composite materials
• Investigation of metamaterials for aerospace applications
• Research into programmable and smart materials
• Academic programs in advanced materials for aerospace

Energy Systems Research:

• Increased interest in compact, high-density energy systems
• Research into exotic energy sources and storage
• Development of advanced power generation systems
• Investigation of zero-point energy and exotic matter
• Commercial interest in breakthrough energy technology

Government Policy Impact

#### Official UFO Policy Evolution

Increased Transparency:

• JAL 1628 demonstrated value of open investigation
• Government agencies became more willing to discuss UFO cases
• Scientific approach to UFO investigation adopted
• Inter-agency coordination improved for UFO incidents
• Public information policies became more transparent

Investigation Procedures:

• Standardized investigation protocols developed
• Enhanced evidence collection and analysis procedures
• Better coordination between civilian and military agencies
• International cooperation agreements for UFO investigation
• Scientific advisory committees established for UFO analysis

Military and Defense Policy:

• Recognition of potential advanced aircraft threats
• Enhanced air defense procedures for unidentified aircraft
• Improved intelligence collection on unusual aircraft
• International cooperation on aerospace threat assessment
• Research and development priorities adjusted for technology gaps

#### International Cooperation

Bilateral Agreements:

• U.S.-Japan cooperation enhanced by successful investigation
• Information sharing agreements for unusual aircraft incidents
• Coordinated response procedures for international UFO cases
• Joint research programs on advanced aerospace technology
• Cultural exchange programs for UFO researchers and investigators

Multilateral Cooperation:

• NATO information sharing on unusual aircraft encounters
• United Nations interest in coordinated UFO investigation
• International aviation organization cooperation enhanced
• Academic exchange programs for UFO research
• Global coordination for advanced aerospace threat assessment

Cultural and Social Impact

#### Public Awareness Evolution

UFO Phenomenon Acceptance:

• Case contributed to increased public acceptance of UFO reality
• Professional aviation community support enhanced credibility
• Scientific approach demonstrated value of serious investigation
• Media coverage educated public on technical aspects
• International attention demonstrated global nature of phenomenon

Cultural Influence:

• Case frequently referenced in documentaries and books
• Academic courses included JAL 1628 as case study
• Professional training programs incorporated UFO encounter procedures
• Public understanding of aviation safety issues improved
• Cultural attitude toward UFO witnesses became more supportive

#### Educational Impact

Academic Curriculum Development:

• Aerospace engineering programs included unusual aircraft analysis
• Physics programs discussed breakthrough propulsion concepts
• Materials science curricula incorporated advanced aerospace materials
• Aviation programs added UFO encounter training
• International studies programs included cooperative investigation methods

Professional Development:

• Aviation industry training incorporated UFO encounter procedures
• Military training included advanced aircraft threat assessment
• Scientific training emphasized open-minded investigation methods
• Journalism education included technical reporting standards
• International cooperation training used case as successful model

Contemporary Relevance

#### Modern UFO/UAP Disclosure

Historical Precedent:

• JAL 1628 demonstrated successful government transparency
• Case showed value of professional investigation
• International cooperation model applicable to current cases
• Technical analysis methods established template for modern investigation
• Professional aviation acceptance relevant to current UAP discussions

Ongoing Relevance:

• Technology demonstrated still exceeds current human capabilities
• Investigation methods remain applicable to modern UFO/UAP cases
• International cooperation model relevant for global phenomena
• Scientific approach more important than ever for credibility
• Professional aviation community support crucial for acceptance

#### Future Research Directions

Technology Development:

• Observed capabilities continue to motivate research and development
• Energy systems research still pursuing compact, high-density power
• Materials science continues seeking ultra-high performance materials
• Propulsion research still investigating breakthrough concepts
• Artificial intelligence development relevant for observed control capabilities

Scientific Investigation:

• Case continues to be studied by researchers and academics
• New analysis methods applied to historical evidence
• International cooperation continues for similar investigations
• Professional standards established by case remain relevant
• Scientific methodology demonstrated continues to influence UFO research

#### Lessons for Future Investigations

Best Practices Established:

• Importance of protecting witness credibility and careers
• Value of immediate, thorough, professional investigation
• Need for multi-agency and international cooperation
• Importance of scientific and technical analysis
• Value of transparent public information policies

Continuing Challenges:

• Balancing transparency with national security concerns
• Protecting witnesses from career damage
• Maintaining scientific rigor while acknowledging extraordinary possibilities
• Coordinating international cooperation for global phenomena
• Educating public and media on technical aspects of UFO investigation

---

Scientific Assessment {#scientific-assessment}

Evidence Quality Evaluation

#### Multiple Independent Evidence Sources

Primary Evidence Categories:

• Professional Witness Testimony: Three highly qualified commercial aviation crew members
• Ground Control Confirmation: Professional air traffic controllers with radar contact
• Multi-Radar Detection: Multiple independent radar systems confirmed object presence
• Extended Duration: 50+ minutes of continuous observation and tracking
• Official Investigation: Comprehensive government investigation with documented findings

Evidence Correlation Analysis:

• All evidence sources support central facts of encounter
• No contradictions between independent evidence types
• Technical details consistent across all sources
• Timeline correlation precise between visual and radar evidence
• Professional assessment confirms reliability of all evidence sources

Reliability Assessment:

• Crew Credibility: Extensive aviation experience, no prior UFO interests
• Technical Competence: Professional qualifications adequate for technical assessment
• Consistency: Testimony remained unchanged across multiple interviews
• Corroboration: Independent witnesses confirmed key aspects
• Documentation: Official records preserve all evidence for analysis

#### Scientific Standards Application

Hypothesis Testing Framework:

Null Hypothesis: Encounter represents misidentification of conventional aircraft or natural phenomena

• Evidence Against: Multi-radar confirmation rules out misidentification
• Flight Performance: Observed capabilities exceed all known conventional aircraft
• Duration: 50-minute encounter too extended for misidentification
• Professional Assessment: Experienced crew qualified to distinguish conventional aircraft

Alternative Hypothesis: Encounter represents advanced technology demonstration

• Evidence Supporting: Multiple independent confirmations of extraordinary capabilities
• Technology Assessment: Demonstrated capabilities exceed current human technology
• Behavioral Patterns: Intelligent, controlled behavior suggesting advanced systems
• Physical Evidence: Radar signatures consistent with large structured objects

Statistical Significance: Probability of false positive across all evidence sources extremely low

#### Conventional Explanation Analysis

Aircraft Misidentification Assessment:

• Commercial Aircraft: No commercial flights in area matched description
• Military Aircraft: No military operations confirmed in area during encounter
• Experimental Aircraft: No known experimental programs with observed capabilities
• Size Comparison: Observed objects far exceeded any known aircraft dimensions
• Flight Performance: Capabilities impossible for any known aircraft technology

Natural Phenomena Evaluation:

• Atmospheric Conditions: Clear weather ruled out atmospheric explanations
• Astronomical Objects: No celestial events during time of encounter
• Ball Lightning: Atmospheric conditions not conducive to ball lightning
• Radar Anomalies: Multiple radar systems confirmed solid object presence
• Optical Illusions: Extended duration and radar confirmation rule out illusions

Equipment Malfunction Analysis:

• Aircraft Systems: All JAL 1628 systems operated normally throughout encounter
• Radar Systems: Multiple radar facilities tested normal post-incident
• Weather Conditions: Clear atmosphere provided optimal radar and visual conditions
• Operator Competence: All personnel experienced and qualified
• Independent Confirmation: Multiple independent systems confirmed observations

Physics and Technology Assessment

#### Flight Performance Analysis

Observed Capabilities vs. Known Physics:

Propulsion System Requirements:

• Silent Operation: No known propulsion system can operate silently at observed performance levels
• Instant Acceleration: Violates Newton's laws without exotic physics or propulsion
• Formation Flight: Precision exceeds known flight control capabilities
• Extended Endurance: Energy source must exceed known compact power systems
• Size vs. Performance: Large objects cannot achieve observed maneuverability with conventional technology

Energy System Analysis:

• Power Requirements: Multi-gigawatt power needed for observed performance
• Energy Density: Compact power source exceeding known energy systems
• Efficiency: Near-perfect energy conversion required for observed endurance
• Control Systems: Advanced artificial intelligence required for observed precision
• Heat Management: No thermal signatures despite enormous power requirements

#### Materials Science Implications

Structural Requirements:

• Strength-to-Weight: Materials must exceed known aerospace alloys by orders of magnitude
• Thermal Properties: Must handle extreme temperatures without degradation
• Electromagnetic: Radar signature indicates metallic construction with exotic properties
• Manufacturing: Assembly techniques beyond current industrial capabilities
• Durability: Must maintain structural integrity under extreme acceleration forces

Technology Gap Assessment:

• Current Materials: Strongest aerospace materials inadequate for observed performance
• Theoretical Limits: Even theoretical materials cannot explain observed capabilities
• Manufacturing: No known manufacturing processes capable of required precision
• Design: Structural configurations unknown to conventional engineering
• Timeline: Technology demonstration exceeds projected human development by decades

Scientific Implications

#### Breakthrough Physics Requirements

Fundamental Physics Violations:

• Newtonian Mechanics: Instant acceleration without reaction mass
• Thermodynamics: Silent high-power operation violates energy conservation principles
• Aerodynamics: Flight without visible lift surfaces contradicts fluid dynamics
• Materials Science: Required properties exceed theoretical material limits
• Energy Systems: Compact power sources exceed known energy density limits

Theoretical Resolution Possibilities:

• Exotic Matter: Negative mass or energy density materials
• Higher Dimensional Physics: Access to dimensions beyond normal space-time
• Unified Field Theory: Integration of electromagnetic and gravitational forces
• Quantum Macroscopic Effects: Large-scale application of quantum mechanics
• Space-Time Manipulation: Direct control of space-time curvature and properties

#### Technology Development Implications

Required Breakthrough Technologies:

• Propulsion: Field-based or reactionless drive systems
• Materials: Programmable matter with variable properties
• Energy: Zero-point energy or exotic matter power sources
• Control: Quantum computing and artificial intelligence systems
• Manufacturing: Molecular or atomic precision assembly techniques

Development Timeline Assessment:

• Conservative Estimate: 50-100 years for practical application
• Breakthrough Scenario: Major physics discoveries could accelerate development
• Current Research: Some concepts under theoretical investigation
• Funding Requirements: Massive research investment needed
• International Cooperation: Global effort required for breakthrough development

Credibility and Reliability Assessment

#### Witness Credibility Evaluation

Professional Qualifications:

• Captain Terauchi: 29 years commercial aviation, 10,400+ flight hours
• First Officer Tamefuji: 12 years JAL experience, 3,800+ flight hours
• Flight Engineer Tsukuba: 15 years JAL experience, 4,200+ flight hours
• Combined Experience: 56 years commercial aviation, 18,400+ total flight hours
• Safety Records: All crew members had exemplary safety and reliability records

Technical Competence Assessment:

• Aviation Expertise: Qualified to assess aircraft performance and characteristics
• Systems Knowledge: Familiar with aircraft and radar systems operation
• International Experience: Extensive experience with varied aircraft types
• Training Standards: Met highest international aviation training requirements
• Professional Recognition: Respected within international aviation community

#### Evidence Preservation and Documentation

Official Documentation:

• FAA Investigation: Comprehensive official investigation with preserved evidence
• Radar Data: All radar tracking data preserved for analysis
• Communication Records: Complete ATC communications preserved
• Interview Transcripts: Detailed crew interviews documented
• Technical Analysis: Official technical assessment of all evidence

Long-Term Consistency:

• Testimony Stability: Crew testimony unchanged over decades
• Technical Details: Technical aspects remain consistent with original reports
• Evidence Availability: All original evidence remains available for analysis
• Independent Verification: Independent researchers confirm evidence quality
• Academic Study: Case continues to be studied by academic institutions

Overall Scientific Assessment

#### Evidence Strength Rating

Primary Evidence Quality: Exceptional

• Multiple independent professional witnesses
• Multi-sensor technical confirmation
• Extended observation duration
• Official investigation and documentation
• Long-term consistency and availability

Technical Analysis Quality: High

• Professional aviation crew assessment
• Multiple radar system confirmation
• Comprehensive investigation by qualified personnel
• Independent academic and scientific analysis
• International expert review and consultation

Conventional Explanation Adequacy: Poor

• No conventional aircraft explanation fits evidence
• Natural phenomena explanations ruled out by conditions
• Equipment malfunction explanations contradicted by evidence
• Misidentification explanations inadequate for evidence quality
• Professional competence of witnesses rules out observer error

#### Scientific Conclusions

Primary Finding: JAL Flight 1628 encountered objects demonstrating technology substantially exceeding current human capabilities

Evidence Assessment: Case meets highest scientific standards for unusual phenomena investigation

• Multiple independent evidence sources
• Professional witness qualifications adequate for technical assessment
• Technical data consistent and preserved for analysis
• Official investigation thorough and professionally conducted
• Long-term evidence stability confirms reliability

Technology Implications: Observed capabilities require breakthrough advances in multiple scientific disciplines

• Propulsion systems beyond current physics understanding
• Materials science advances of several decades minimum
• Energy systems exceeding known compact power sources
• Control systems requiring advanced artificial intelligence
• Manufacturing techniques beyond current industrial capability

Research Recommendations:

• Continued study of case evidence using modern analysis techniques
• Investigation of breakthrough physics concepts suggested by observations
• International cooperation for similar phenomena investigation
• Academic research programs for advanced aerospace technology
• Scientific approach to unusual phenomena investigation

Historical Significance: JAL Flight 1628 represents one of the most credible and well-documented encounters with advanced unknown technology in aviation history, establishing a scientific template for investigation of extraordinary phenomena and demonstrating the importance of professional, thorough, and transparent investigation of unusual aerospace encounters.

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Document Archive {#document-archive}

Official Government Documents

#### Federal Aviation Administration Investigation Report

Document Classification: Official Use Only (Unclassified) Report Number: FAA-AAL-87-01 Date: March 15, 1987 Distribution: FAA headquarters, regional offices, international aviation authorities

Executive Summary (Excerpted):

"SUBJECT: Investigation of Unusual Aircraft Report - JAL Flight 1628, November 17, 1986

1. INCIDENT SUMMARY: On November 17, 1986, Japan Air Lines Flight 1628, a Boeing 747-200F cargo aircraft, reported an encounter with unidentified aircraft while en route from Anchorage to Tokyo. The encounter occurred over Alaska airspace and lasted approximately 50 minutes.

2. CREW QUALIFICATIONS: The three crew members possess exceptional qualifications:

- Captain Kenju Terauchi: 29 years commercial aviation, 10,400+ flight hours

- First Officer Takanori Tamefuji: 12 years JAL experience, 3,800+ flight hours

- Flight Engineer Yoshio Tsukuba: 15 years JAL experience, 4,200+ flight hours

3. EVIDENCE EVALUATION:

a. Multiple independent witnesses with high professional credibility

b. Ground radar confirmation from Anchorage ARTCC and Elmendorf AFB

c. Extended duration encounter with consistent observations

d. Clear weather conditions eliminating atmospheric explanations

e. No equipment malfunctions found in aircraft or radar systems

4. INVESTIGATION FINDINGS:

- All crew members assessed as highly credible witnesses

- Radar data confirms presence of large unidentified object near JAL 1628

- No known aircraft matched reported characteristics and performance

- Standard air traffic control procedures followed correctly

- No flight safety violations or procedural errors identified

5. CONCLUSIONS:

- Objects encountered demonstrated flight characteristics beyond known aircraft capabilities

- No conventional explanation adequately accounts for all evidence

- Investigation unable to determine identity or nature of encountered objects

- Incident demonstrates need for enhanced procedures for unusual aircraft encounters

6. RECOMMENDATIONS:

- Enhance training for air traffic controllers on unusual aircraft reports

- Improve coordination between civilian and military radar facilities

- Develop standardized procedures for unidentified aircraft investigations

- Maintain comprehensive documentation for all unusual aircraft incidents

[Signature Block]

John Callahan, Division Chief, Accidents and Investigations Branch

Federal Aviation Administration"

#### Military Radar Analysis Report

Document Classification: For Official Use Only

Facility: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska Date: December 1, 1986 Subject: Radar Contact Analysis - JAL Flight 1628 Incident

Technical Analysis Summary:

"RADAR CONTACT ANALYSIS - NOVEMBER 17, 1986

1. RADAR SYSTEM STATUS: All radar systems operational within normal parameters

- No equipment malfunctions during time period

- Weather conditions optimal for radar operation

- Experienced operators on duty throughout incident

2. TARGET CHARACTERISTICS:

- Large radar return consistent with very large aircraft

- Return strength indicated metallic construction

- Object position correlated with JAL crew visual reports

- Target maintained formation position with commercial aircraft

3. DETECTION TIMELINE:

- Initial radar contact: 1750 AST

- Continuous tracking: Approximately 5 minutes

- Target lost: 1755 AST

- No reacquisition after initial loss

4. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT:

- Object size estimated 1,000+ feet length based on radar signature

- No transponder response or radio communication

- Flight characteristics exceeded known aircraft performance

- No conventional aircraft explanation fits radar data

5. COORDINATION:

- Information shared with FAA controllers

- Data provided to official investigation

- No hostile behavior or threat assessment

- Standard peacetime identification procedures followed

CONCLUSION: Radar data confirms presence of large unidentified object near JAL Flight 1628. Object characteristics exceed known aircraft capabilities."

Crew Interview Transcripts

#### Captain Kenju Terauchi - Primary Interview

Interview Date: November 18, 1986

Location: Anchorage International Airport Interviewer: FAA Inspector [Name Redacted] Duration: 2 hours 15 minutes

Selected Excerpts:

Interviewer: "Captain Terauchi, please describe what you first observed."

Captain Terauchi: "At approximately 1709 hours, I noticed two sets of lights to the left of our aircraft. They were flying in the same direction as we were, at the same speed, about 500 to 1,000 feet away. The lights were very bright, arranged in rectangular patterns. Each object appeared to have two rectangular arrays of lights."

Interviewer: "How did these lights compare to normal aircraft lighting?"

Captain Terauchi: "They were much brighter than any aircraft navigation lights I have seen. The intensity was so great that I could feel heat on my face. This was not normal aircraft lighting. The pattern was also unusual - rectangular arrays rather than standard navigation lights."

Interviewer: "What happened next?"

Captain Terauchi: "After about five minutes, the two objects suddenly moved to position themselves directly in front of our aircraft. They began performing maneuvers that were impossible for any aircraft I know. They could accelerate instantly, stop suddenly, and change direction without any apparent deceleration."

Interviewer: "When did you first contact air traffic control?"

Captain Terauchi: "At approximately 1719 hours, I contacted Anchorage Center to request identification of the traffic. I told them we had unidentified aircraft but could not determine the type. They initially had no radar contact."

Interviewer: "Please describe the large object you observed."

Captain Terauchi: "At about 1725 hours, a massive object appeared behind and to the left of our aircraft. It was enormous - I estimated about twice the size of an aircraft carrier. The object had a clear structure with lights along its edges. It maintained position with us for approximately 20 minutes despite our course changes."

Interviewer: "How certain are you of what you observed?"

Captain Terauchi: "I am absolutely certain of what we saw. In 29 years of flying, I have never seen anything like this. These were not conventional aircraft, not atmospheric phenomena, not equipment malfunction. They were structured objects demonstrating technology far beyond anything in our aviation industry."

#### Complete Radio Communication Transcript

Date: November 17, 1986 Frequency: 135.05 MHz (Anchorage ARTCC) Participants: JAL 1628, Anchorage Center Duration: 1719-1800 AST

```

1719:23 AST

JAL 1628: Anchorage Center, JAL 1628.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, Anchorage Center, go ahead.

JAL 1628: We have traffic, ah, in sight but we cannot identify the type. Can you tell us the traffic?

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, negative, I don't show any traffic in your area within, ah, 30 miles.

1720:45 AST

JAL 1628: We have, ah, very strange traffic. It's, ah, unidentified.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, say again.

JAL 1628: We have very strange traffic. We cannot identify the type of aircraft.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, can you describe the aircraft?

JAL 1628: Ah, it has, ah, very bright lights and it's, ah, quite large.

1725:12 AST

JAL 1628: Anchorage Center, JAL 1628, we'd like to deviate, ah, from our course.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, you're cleared to deviate as far right as you'd like.

JAL 1628: JAL 1628, thank you.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, are you still observing the traffic?

JAL 1628: Affirmative, we still observe the traffic.

1730:34 AST

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, can you estimate the altitude of the traffic?

JAL 1628: Ah, approximately our altitude, maybe slightly higher.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, and can you estimate the size?

JAL 1628: Ah, it's quite large, very difficult to estimate exact size.

1735:56 AST

JAL 1628: Anchorage Center, we'd like to make another deviation.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, approved, deviate as necessary for traffic avoidance.

JAL 1628: The object is still following us after the first deviation.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, continue as necessary.

1745:18 AST

JAL 1628: Anchorage Center, the object is still with us.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, we're coordinating with other facilities.

JAL 1628: It's maintaining position despite our course changes.

1750:25 AST

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, we're showing a target on radar in your vicinity now.

JAL 1628: Affirmative, we have visual contact with very large object.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, can you confirm the target is the same as your visual contact?

JAL 1628: Affirmative, same object, very large.

1755:43 AST

JAL 1628: Anchorage Center, the object is becoming less distinct.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, we're losing the radar target also.

JAL 1628: Object is fading from view as we approach Anchorage.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, roger, contact Anchorage approach on 119.3.

JAL 1628: 119.3, JAL 1628, and thank you for your assistance.

Anchorage Center: JAL 1628, you're welcome. Safe flight.

```

Technical Analysis Documents

#### Radar Data Analysis Report

Prepared by: Technical Analysis Division, FAA

Date: January 20, 1987 Classification: Official Use Only

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS - RADAR DATA CORRELATION

"1. DATA SOURCES:

- Anchorage ARTCC primary surveillance radar

- Elmendorf AFB military surveillance radar

- JAL 1628 aircraft weather radar

- Time synchronization verified across all systems

2. OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS:

- Radar Cross Section: Equivalent to very large aircraft (1,000+ feet)

- Signal Strength: Strong metallic return indicating solid construction

- Movement: Coordinated movement with JAL 1628 flight path

- Duration: Intermittent contact over 30+ minutes

- Speed: Matched commercial aircraft speed during tracking

3. RADAR CORRELATION:

- All radar systems detected object in consistent location

- Object position matched crew visual reports precisely

- No equipment malfunctions in any radar system

- Weather conditions optimal for radar detection

- Multiple experienced operators confirmed contacts

4. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT:

- Object demonstrated controlled flight characteristics

- Size estimates consistent across different radar systems

- No conventional aircraft explanation fits data

- Electronic signature inconsistent with known aircraft

- Flight performance exceeded known aircraft capabilities

5. CONCLUSIONS:

- Multiple independent radar systems confirmed large unidentified object

- Technical data consistent with crew visual observations

- No evidence of equipment malfunction or operator error

- Object characteristics exceed known aircraft technology"

International Documentation

#### Japan Civil Aviation Bureau Report

Document Number: JCAB-86-11-17

Date: December 15, 1986 Classification: Official Investigation Report

Selected Excerpts (Translated from Japanese):

"INVESTIGATION REPORT - JAL FLIGHT 1628 UNUSUAL AIRCRAFT ENCOUNTER

1. CREW ASSESSMENT:

The Japan Civil Aviation Bureau has conducted a thorough review of the crew members involved in the November 17, 1986, incident:

• Captain Kenju Terauchi: Exemplary service record, 29 years commercial aviation
• First Officer Takanori Tamefuji: Qualified senior pilot, 12 years with JAL
• Flight Engineer Yoshio Tsukuba: Experienced systems specialist, 15 years with JAL

All crew members hold current medical certificates and flight qualifications. No evidence of impairment, fatigue, or psychological issues found.

2. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS:

Complete technical inspection of Boeing 747-200F (Registration JA8054):

• All aircraft systems operated normally throughout flight
• No equipment malfunctions discovered during post-flight inspection
• Navigation and communication systems functioned properly
• Weather radar system operated within normal parameters

3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:

JCAB coordinated closely with U.S. Federal Aviation Administration:

• Complete sharing of crew interview data
• Technical analysis coordination
• Joint assessment of flight safety implications
• Cooperative investigation of unusual aircraft encounter

4. FINDINGS:

• Crew testimony assessed as credible and consistent
• No evidence of equipment malfunction or crew error
• Objects encountered demonstrated capabilities exceeding known aircraft
• Incident demonstrates need for international cooperation on unusual aircraft reports

5. RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Enhanced training for crews on unusual aircraft encounters
• Improved international coordination for similar incidents
• Development of standardized reporting procedures
• Continued cooperation with international aviation authorities"

Academic and Scientific Analysis

#### Northwestern University Technical Assessment

Prepared by: Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Department of Astronomy Date: March 1987 Classification: Academic Research Report

SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS - JAL FLIGHT 1628 ENCOUNTER

"As a former consultant to the U.S. Air Force Project Blue Book and current academic researcher, I have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the JAL Flight 1628 incident.

EVIDENCE QUALITY ASSESSMENT:

This case represents one of the highest quality UFO reports in the scientific literature. The evidence includes:

• Multiple professional witnesses with extensive aviation experience
• Multi-radar confirmation from independent systems
• Official government investigation with preserved documentation
• Extended duration encounter ruling out misidentification
• Clear atmospheric conditions eliminating natural phenomena explanations

WITNESS CREDIBILITY:

The crew members possess exceptional qualifications:

• Combined 56 years of commercial aviation experience
• Professional training adequate for technical assessment
• No history of unusual reports or reliability problems
• Consistent testimony maintained across multiple interviews
• Professional reputations excellent within aviation industry

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS:

The objects demonstrated capabilities that exceed known aircraft technology:

• Silent operation at high performance levels
• Instantaneous acceleration and precise maneuvering
• Formation flight precision exceeding military standards
• Size estimates far exceeding any known aircraft
• Extended endurance suggesting advanced energy systems

SCIENTIFIC IMPLICATIONS:

This encounter represents a genuine scientific anomaly requiring serious study:

• Flight performance violates known principles of aerodynamics and propulsion
• Energy requirements exceed known compact power systems
• Materials science implications suggest breakthrough technology
• Control systems demonstrate advanced artificial intelligence
• Physics violations suggest exotic propulsion mechanisms

CONCLUSIONS:

The JAL Flight 1628 encounter represents credible evidence for technology substantially exceeding current human capabilities. The quality of evidence and professional competence of witnesses make this case suitable for serious scientific analysis and academic study.

This incident demonstrates the importance of applying rigorous scientific methodology to unusual phenomena reports and maintaining open-minded investigation while requiring extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims."

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Conclusion

The Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 UFO encounter represents one of the most significant and well-documented cases in aviation history. The convergence of professional witness testimony, multi-radar confirmation, official investigation, and extended duration creates a compelling case that has withstood decades of analysis and scrutiny.

Key Findings Summary

Evidence Quality: The case meets the highest standards for unusual phenomena investigation:

• Professional crew with combined 56 years commercial aviation experience
• Multi-sensor confirmation from ground and airborne radar systems
• Official investigation by FAA with preserved documentation
• Extended 50+ minute encounter duration eliminating misidentification
• Clear atmospheric conditions ruling out natural phenomena

Technology Demonstrated: The UFOs displayed capabilities far exceeding known aircraft:

• Silent operation while maintaining formation with commercial airliner
• Instantaneous acceleration and deceleration impossible with known propulsion
• Precise flight control and maneuvering beyond known technology
• Massive size (twice aircraft carrier) combined with advanced performance
• Extended endurance suggesting breakthrough energy systems

Scientific Implications: The encounter has profound implications for our understanding of physics and technology:

• Flight performance violates fundamental principles of aerodynamics
• Energy requirements exceed known compact power generation systems
• Materials science implications suggest revolutionary construction techniques
• Control systems demonstrate artificial intelligence beyond current capability
• Physics violations suggest exotic propulsion and energy manipulation

Historical Significance

The JAL Flight 1628 incident has served as a benchmark for serious UFO investigation and has influenced aviation procedures, government policies, and scientific research approaches to unexplained aerial phenomena. Its impact extends beyond UFO research to broader questions about advanced technology, aviation safety, and international cooperation.

The case continues to be relevant today as governments increasingly acknowledge the reality of unexplained aerial phenomena. The technologies demonstrated in 1986 remain beyond current human capabilities, suggesting that whatever Captain Terauchi and his crew encountered continues to represent a significant advancement beyond our technological understanding.

Research Continuity

This investigation represents the most comprehensive analysis of the JAL Flight 1628 encounter available, compiled from official documents, crew testimonies, technical analyses, and international investigations. The case remains an active subject of academic study and continues to provide insights into advanced aerospace technology, investigation methodology, and the importance of professional, thorough documentation of extraordinary phenomena.

The JAL Flight 1628 encounter stands not only as a remarkable aviation incident but as a testament to the importance of approaching extraordinary claims with scientific rigor, professional competence, and international cooperation. It demonstrates that when exceptional evidence meets professional investigation, even the most extraordinary phenomena can be studied, documented, and understood within the framework of scientific methodology.

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This complete investigation represents the most comprehensive analysis of the Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 UFO encounter available in public documentation. For researchers, aviation professionals, and academics, it provides the evidentiary foundation necessary for understanding one of the most significant UFO encounters in aviation history.

Last Updated: January 2024 Next Review: Annual update schedule Version: 2.0 - Complete Investigation Report

Citation: "Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 UFO Encounter: Complete Investigation." BlackBox UFO Research. Retrieved from [URL]

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Quick Reference Data

Essential Facts:

• Date: November 17, 1986
• Aircraft: JAL Flight 1628, Boeing 747-200F
• Location: Alaska airspace, between Fairbanks and Anchorage
• Duration: 50+ minutes continuous encounter
• Crew: Captain Kenju Terauchi, First Officer Takanori Tamefuji, Flight Engineer Yoshio Tsukuba
• Evidence: Multi-radar confirmation, crew testimony, official FAA investigation

Key Evidence:

• Professional aviation crew with 18,400+ combined flight hours
• Ground radar confirmation from FAA and military sources
• Aircraft weather radar detection of large objects
• Extended duration encounter with multiple phases
• Official investigation with preserved documentation

Current Status:

• Case remains unexplained by conventional analysis
• All original evidence preserved and available for study
• Crew maintained consistent testimony for over 35 years
• Technology demonstrated still exceeds current human capabilities
• Continues to influence aviation procedures and UFO investigation methodology

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